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Graphite Electrode Ø 6 mm – Universal Electrode for Professional ElectroplatingChemically Inert Graphite Electrode for Tank, Pen and Brush PlatingThe Graphite Electrode Ø 6 mm is manufactured from high-quality, high-density fine-grain graphite and is ideal for a wide range of electroplating applications. It is used wherever a metal-free, chemically inert electrical conductor is required and contamination of the electrolyte by metal ions must be avoided.Thanks to its excellent chemical resistance, graphite dissolves only very slowly in the electrolyte. This keeps the electrolyte composition stable and ensures high-quality, uniform plating results.The graphite electrode is perfectly suited for tank plating, pen plating and brush (tampon) plating and is compatible with a wide variety of electroplating solutions.Your AdvantagesManufactured from high-quality fine-grain graphiteChemically inertVery low wearNo contamination of the electrolyte with metal ionsExcellent chemical resistanceUniform current distributionSuitable for a wide range of electroplating processesLong service lifeFits standard 6 mm electrode holdersProfessional quality from Betzmann GalvanikWhy Use a Graphite Electrode?Many electroplating processes require that no additional metal ions enter the electrolyte, as these can negatively affect coating quality.Graphite offers several important advantages:Chemically almost inertVery low solubilityExcellent temperature resistanceGood electrical conductivityNo contamination of the electrolyteThese properties make graphite the preferred choice for many decorative and technical plating applications.Typical ApplicationsIdeal for:Gold platingSilver platingChromium platingPalladium platingPlatinum platingWhite bronze platingBlack nickel platingTank platingPen platingBrush (tampon) platingActivating solutionsCleaning solutionsWorkshopsLaboratoriesIndustrial applicationsRestorationModel makingMaterial PropertiesThe electrode is manufactured from high-density fine-grain graphite and offers:Excellent chemical resistanceGood electrical conductivityLow wearSlow consumption in the electrolyteLong service lifeApplication InstructionsBefore use:Keep the electrode clean and free from greaseUse a suitable electrolyteFollow the recommended voltage and current settingsDuring operation, the graphite electrode wears only slowly. Replacing it when necessary ensures consistently high-quality plating results.Technical SpecificationsMaterial: High-density fine-grain graphiteDiameter: 6 mmExcellent chemical resistanceVery good electrical conductivitySuitable for standard electrode holdersPackage Contents1 × Graphite Electrode Ø 6 mmQuality from Betzmann GalvanikBetzmann Galvanik supplies high-quality electrodes and professional accessories for demanding electroplating applications. The Graphite Electrode Ø 6 mm offers excellent chemical resistance, long service life and universal compatibility, making it the ideal choice for hobby users, workshops and industrial applications.

Graphite Plate Electrode 50 x 80 mm – Graphite Anode for ElectroplatingProfessional Graphite Plate Electrode for Electroplating ApplicationsThe 50 x 80 mm Graphite Plate Electrode (SW10028) from Betzmann Galvanik is a high-quality graphite electrode designed for a wide range of electroplating and electrochemical applications.Made from high-density fine-grain graphite, this plate electrode offers excellent electrical conductivity and high chemical resistance. Its compact 50 x 80 mm format makes it particularly suitable for small and medium-sized electroplating tanks, laboratory applications, repair plating and electrochemical processes.Graphite is an excellent electrode material wherever a metal-free electrode surface is required. Depending on the electrolyte and process, graphite can be used as an anode or counter electrode without introducing additional metal ions into the plating bath.Ideal Graphite Anode for ElectroplatingThe 50 x 80 mm graphite plate provides a practical active surface for numerous electroplating applications.Typical applications include:Gold platingSilver platingCopper platingChromium plating with suitable electrolytesPalladium platingRhodium platingBlack chromium platingBlack rhodium platingBlack ruthenium platingWhite bronze platingElectrolytic cleaningElectrolytic activationElectrochemical processesLaboratory and development applicationsImportant: The suitability of graphite as an anode depends on the electrolyte and the specific plating process. Always follow the technical specifications of the electrolyte manufacturer.Advantages of the Graphite Plate Electrode50 x 80 mm practical plate formatHigh-density fine-grain graphiteExcellent electrical conductivityHigh chemical resistanceNo additional metal anode materialSuitable for many electroplating applicationsIdeal for gold, silver, copper and other compatible electrolytesSuitable for bath electroplating and laboratory applicationsCompact and easy to handleProfessional electroplating accessory from Betzmann GalvanikTechnical SpecificationsPropertySpecificationProductGraphite Plate ElectrodeArticle NumberSW10028MaterialFine-grain graphiteManufacturingIsostatically pressed graphiteDimensions50 x 80 mmThickness4 mmApplicationElectroplating / ElectrolysisFunctionElectrode / Anode / Counter ElectrodeSupplierBetzmann GalvanikWhy Use Graphite as an Electrode?Graphite is widely used in electrochemical applications because of its combination of electrical conductivity and chemical resistance.Compared with many metallic electrode materials, graphite does not introduce the corresponding metal ions into the electrolyte through normal anodic dissolution. This can be particularly advantageous when working with electrolytes where contamination with foreign metal ions should be avoided.For this reason, graphite electrodes are frequently used in electroplating, electrolysis and laboratory applications.Suitable for Gold, Silver, Copper and MoreThe graphite plate can be used for a variety of electroplating processes where the electrolyte manufacturer specifies graphite as a suitable electrode material.Potential applications include:Gold PlatingSuitable as a counter electrode for compatible gold plating electrolytes.Silver PlatingCan be used with suitable silver electrolytes where a graphite counter electrode is specified.Copper PlatingSuitable for selected copper plating processes, depending on the electrolyte formulation.Palladium and Rhodium PlatingGraphite can be used as a counter electrode for compatible precious-metal electrolytes.Chromium(III) PlatingFor Chromium(III) electrolytes, always use the electrode material specifically recommended for the individual product. Some systems require dedicated anode materials.ApplicationInsert or mount the graphite plate securely in the electroplating tank and connect it to the positive pole (+) when it is being used as an anode.The workpiece is connected to the negative pole (−) and functions as the cathode.For optimum plating results, pay attention to:Correct electrolyte selectionCorrect current densityCorrect voltageElectrode-to-workpiece distanceProper workpiece cleaning and activationSufficient electrolyte movementAppropriate electrode surface areaThe exact operating parameters depend on the electrolyte and plating process being used.Cleaning and MaintenanceAfter use, rinse the graphite electrode thoroughly with suitable water and allow it to dry.If deposits form on the electrode surface, they can generally be removed carefully before the next application.Avoid unnecessary mechanical damage to the graphite plate. Although the material is chemically resistant, graphite is a relatively brittle material and should therefore be handled carefully.Ideal for Professional and Hobby ElectroplatingThe compact 50 x 80 mm graphite plate electrode is suitable for professional workshops as well as advanced hobby applications.It is particularly useful when a compact electrode is required for:Small electroplating tanksRepair platingJewellery platingLaboratory workDevelopment and testingSmall-batch electroplatingElectrochemical experimentsBetzmann Galvanik – Professional Electroplating EquipmentBetzmann Galvanik supplies professional electroplating equipment, electrolytes, electrodes and accessories for a wide range of surface-finishing applications.Our product range includes solutions for:Gold platingSilver platingNickel platingChromium platingPalladium platingPlatinum platingRhodium platingCopper platingPen platingTampon platingBath electroplatingWith the Graphite Plate Electrode 50 x 80 mm, you receive a practical and versatile electrode for professional electroplating and electrochemical applications.Product SummaryThe 50 x 80 mm Graphite Plate Electrode (SW10028) from Betzmann Galvanik is a compact, conductive and chemically resistant graphite electrode for compatible electroplating and electrochemical processes.Its practical size makes it particularly suitable for small and medium-sized plating tanks, laboratory applications, repair plating and selective surface finishing.Betzmann Galvanik – professional electrolytes, electroplating equipment, electrodes and accessories for high-quality surface finishing.

 Nickel Plate Electrode (Nickel Anode) – High Purity Nickel for Precision Electroplating Consistent Nickel Plating Starts with the Right Anode The nickel plate electrode is a high-quality pure nickel anode (~99.8%) designed for reliable and efficient electroplating processes. It ensures a stable supply of nickel ions in the plating bath, enabling uniform, dense, and high-adhesion nickel coatings for professional applications. Key Benefits at a Glance ✔ High purity (~99.8% nickel) for consistent performance ✔ Uniform nickel ion release for stable plating conditions ✔ Improves coating quality and adhesion ✔ Reduces defects and uneven deposition ✔ Suitable for bath plating and brush plating ✔ Professional-grade electroplating material Why a Nickel Anode is Essential During electroplating, the nickel anode plays a critical role: dissolves into the electrolyte releases nickel ions into the solution enables continuous metal deposition on the workpiece → Result: smooth, uniform, and durable nickel coatings Typical Applications  Electroplating and surface finishing  Jewelry manufacturing and gold plating preparation  Industrial metal coating and protection  Restoration and repair work Nickel coatings are widely used for: corrosion protection barrier layers before gold or chrome plating decorative and functional finishes Technical Specifications Material: pure nickel Purity: approx. 99.8% Ni Form: plate electrode Thickness: approx. 0.5 mm Application: electroplating anode How to Use (Step-by-Step Guide) 1. Preparation Clean and degrease the workpiece thoroughly Activate surface if required 2. Installation Connect nickel plate as anode (positive pole) Connect workpiece as cathode (negative pole) 3. Electroplating Process Immerse in nickel electrolyte Apply current according to plating system Ensure even positioning and movement 4. Post-Treatment Rinse the plated part Proceed with further coatings if needed Pro Tips for Best Results ✔ Use sufficient anode surface area for uniform deposition ✔ Maintain proper anode positioning ✔ Clean anode regularly for consistent performance ✔ Use compatible nickel electrolyte Common Issues & Solutions Uneven coating → incorrect anode placement Slow deposition → insufficient nickel ion supply Rough surface → poor current distribution Unstable process → low-quality anode Why Choose This Nickel Plate Electrode? Compared to lower-quality alternatives, this electrode offers: high chemical purity consistent nickel dissolution reliable and reproducible plating results professional-grade performance

Graphite Plate Electrodes 50 x 80 mm to 170 x 200 mm – Graphite Anodes for ElectroplatingProfessional Graphite Plate Electrodes for Bath Electroplating and ElectrolysisThe Graphite Plate Electrodes from Betzmann Galvanik are high-quality electrodes made from high-density, isostatically pressed fine-grain graphite. They offer excellent electrical conductivity, high chemical resistance and a robust design.Three different plate sizes are available, allowing you to select the graphite anode according to the size of your workpiece and electroplating system:M: 50 x 80 mmL: 100 x 150 mmXL: 170 x 200 mmAll versions have a plate thickness of 4 mm.The graphite plate electrodes are ideal for bath electroplating, electrolysis, electrolytic cleaning, degreasing and activation, as well as numerous electroplating applications.Graphite Anode for ElectroplatingGraphite is a proven electrode material for electrochemical applications, particularly where a conductive, chemically resistant and relatively inert counter electrode is required.With suitable electrolytes, the graphite plate can be used as an anode or counter electrode. Unlike soluble metal anodes, graphite does not introduce the corresponding anode metal into the electrolyte through normal anodic dissolution.This can be particularly advantageous for plating processes where contamination from foreign metal ions should be minimized.Suitable for Numerous Electroplating ApplicationsDepending on the electrolyte being used, the graphite plate electrodes can be suitable for:Gold platingSilver platingCopper platingChrome platingWhite bronze platingRose gold platingGreen gold platingBlack chrome platingBlack ruthenium platingBlack rhodium platingSurface activationElectrolytic cleaningElectrolytic degreasingElectrolysisImportant: The actual suitability of graphite as an anode material depends on the individual electrolyte. Always follow the technical specifications and anode recommendations of the electrolyte manufacturer.Your AdvantagesHigh-density fine-grain graphiteIsostatically pressedExcellent electrical conductivityHigh chemical resistanceRobust design4 mm plate thicknessThree practical sizes availableLarge active electrode surfaceIdeal for bath electroplatingSuitable for electrolysis and electrolytic cleaningCan be used as anode or counter electrodeNo conventional metal anode dissolutionProfessional electroplating accessory from Betzmann GalvanikChoose the Right Size for Your ApplicationM – 50 x 80 mmThe compact graphite plate electrode is particularly suitable for:Small plating bathsSmall workpiecesLaboratory and test systemsRepair platingSmall jewellery componentsL – 100 x 150 mmThe medium-sized version is ideal for:Medium-sized plating bathsLarger workpiecesWorkshop applicationsProfessional bath electroplatingMultiple smaller workpiecesXL – 170 x 200 mmThe large graphite plate provides a particularly large active surface and is suitable for:Larger electroplating systemsLarge workpiecesApplications requiring a larger anode surfaceProfessional and industrial applicationsLarger plating tanksThe appropriate electrode surface should always be selected according to workpiece size, current, current density, electrolyte and anode-to-workpiece distance.Technical SpecificationsPropertySpecificationProductGraphite Plate ElectrodeArticle NumberSW10030.2MMaterialHigh-density fine-grain graphiteManufacturingIsostatically pressedPlate Thickness4 mmSize M50 x 80 mmSize L100 x 150 mmSize XL170 x 200 mmFunctionAnode / Counter ElectrodeApplicationBath Electroplating / ElectrolysisSupplierBetzmann GalvanikApplication in Bath ElectroplatingWhen used as an anode, connect the graphite plate electrode to the positive pole (+) of the DC power supply.The workpiece being plated is connected to the negative pole (−) and functions as the cathode.For consistent plating results, the following factors are particularly important:Thorough cleaning and degreasing of the workpieceCorrect surface activationSuitable electrolyteCorrect current densityAppropriate anode-to-workpiece distanceEven current distributionAdequate electrolyte movement or circulationThe exact operating parameters such as voltage, current, current density and temperature depend on the electrolyte being used.Graphite for Electrolysis and Electrolytic CleaningThe graphite plate electrodes are not only suitable for electroplating but can also be used for electrolytic cleaning and surface activation processes.The large, flat electrode surface provides efficient current transfer and is particularly practical for larger workpieces and plating tanks.Depending on the application, the graphite plate can also be used as a counter electrode, working electrode or shielding electrode.Graphite Instead of a Stainless Steel AnodeIn certain electroplating processes, soluble metal anodes gradually dissolve during operation. This introduces metal ions from the anode material into the electrolyte.A graphite plate electrode offers an important advantage: it provides a conductive electrode surface without introducing the corresponding anode metal into the electrolyte through normal anodic dissolution.This makes graphite particularly interesting for plating processes where minimizing contamination from foreign metals is desirable.Important Application InformationGraphite is electrically conductive and highly chemically resistant, but it is also a relatively brittle material. Handle the electrode carefully and avoid bending or unnecessary mechanical stress.Depending on the electrolyte and operating conditions, graphite can gradually wear during use. This is normal material wear.Service life depends on factors including current, current density, electrolyte, temperature and operating time.Only use the graphite plate electrode with electrolytes for which graphite is specified as a suitable electrode or anode material.Betzmann Galvanik – Professional Electroplating AccessoriesBetzmann Galvanik supplies professional products for electroplating and surface finishing, including electroplating power supplies, electrolytes, electrodes, anodes, cables and other electroplating accessories.Our products are suitable for:Pen platingTampon platingBath electroplatingRepair platingJewellery platingTechnical coatingsIndustrial applicationsWorkshop and laboratory applicationsWith the Graphite Plate Electrodes in M, L and XL, you can select the appropriate anode surface for your electroplating system and workpiece size.Graphite Plate Electrodes from Betzmann Galvanik✔ High-density fine-grain graphite✔ Isostatically pressed✔ 4 mm plate thickness✔ Excellent electrical conductivity✔ High chemical resistance✔ 50 x 80, 100 x 150 or 170 x 200 mm✔ Suitable for bath electroplating and electrolysis✔ Suitable for electrolytic cleaning and activation✔ Suitable for numerous electroplating processes✔ Professional quality from Betzmann GalvanikBetzmann Galvanik – professional electrodes, electrolytes, electroplating equipment and accessories for professional surface finishing.

Tin Electrolyte BMG‑097 Versatile tin plating solution for corrosion protection and surface finishing Short Description The Tin Electrolyte BMG‑097 is a ready‑to‑use plating solution for electroplating tin onto conductive metals. It produces a uniform, protective tin layer that enhances corrosion resistance, improves surface solderability, and can be polished to a bright finish. This versatile tin plating solution is suitable for hobby, workshop, and professional applications — from cookware to high‑end electronics.  What is this tin electrolyte used for? This tin electrolyte can be applied to: Protect metal surfaces from corrosion and wear Tin‑plate screws, fasteners, and components for improved durability Improve solderability in electronics or plumbing without flux Provide a decorative satin to polished surface finish Serve as a surface finish on copper, nickel, palladium, cobalt, or thin gold layers for enhanced properties  The electrolyte is valued for its low toxicity finish and is even suitable for applications like cookware plating.  How does tin electroplating work? (simple explanation) Tin electroplating uses electrical current to deposit tin from the electrolyte onto a metallic workpiece: The workpiece must be cleaned and degreased before plating. It is connected as the cathode (negative pole) in the plating circuit. A suitable tin or graphite anode is used as the positive pole. When the current flows, tin ions are reduced at the surface and form a tin coating. This coating provides a uniform protective layer that is easy to polish and improves surface performance.  Advantages of Tin Electrolyte BMG‑097 Produces satin to semi‑matte tin finishes that can be polished to shine  Improves solderability without the need for flux Suitable for use on a variety of substrates: copper, nickel, palladium, cobalt, thin gold layers  Air‑sensitive formulation allows excellent results when stored correctly  Easy to integrate into tank plating or brush/pen plating techniques Technical Parameters Below are the typical operating parameters and deposit properties for the tin electrolyte: PropertyTypical Value / RangeElectrolyte typeTin plating solutionpH valueapprox. 3.6–4.0Temperature range14–30 °COperating voltagefrom 3 VTin concentration22 g/LPlating rate~ 3 µm/min at 4 V (graphite anode)Maximum thickness>1000 µm (1 mm)Deposit appearanceMatte to satin, crystalline >20 µmDeposit composition99.9 % tin (balance carbon)Hardness~ 1.5 (Mohs)Deposit density~ 7.289 g/cm³Health classificationIrritant (not transport dangerous) Practical Application Notes Air Sensitivity: The tin electrolyte is sensitive to oxygen. When not in use, keep the cap tightly closed and minimize air exposure in the bottle — e.g., by adding glass beads or storing in a sealed syringe — to prevent solution degradation.  Bath Filtration: For tank plating, continuous filtration is recommended if anode bags are not used.  Polishing: After plating, the tin deposit can be polished with suitable compounds (e.g., Ultra or Ultrafein from Betzmann Galvanik) to achieve a bright finish.  Safety Information Tin electroplating solutions contain acidic components and tin salts and should be handled with appropriate safety measures: Wear chemical‑resistant gloves, eye protection and protective clothing Avoid contact with skin or eyes Rinse thoroughly with water if contact occurs Use only in well‑ventilated areas Do not inhale vapors or aerosols Keep out of reach of children The product is classified as an irritant under the EU CLP regulation. Scope of Delivery Tin Electrolyte BMG‑097 Volume according to selection Conclusion The Tin Electrolyte BMG‑097 is a versatile and reliable tin plating solution that produces protective and functional tin coatings. Its range of applications — from corrosion protection to improved solderability and decorative finishes — makes it suitable for hobbyists and professionals alike. With correct handling and plating parameters, it delivers consistent, high‑quality results. 

Graphite Plate Electrode 100 x 150 mm – Graphite Anode for ElectroplatingProfessional Graphite Plate Electrode for Electroplating and ElectrolysisThe 100 x 150 mm Graphite Plate Electrode (SW10029) from Betzmann Galvanik is a high-quality, large-surface electrode made from high-density, isostatically pressed fine-grain graphite. It combines excellent electrical conductivity with high chemical resistance and a robust design.With dimensions of 100 x 150 mm and a plate thickness of 4 mm, this graphite electrode provides a large active surface and is particularly suitable for bath electroplating, electrolysis, electrolytic cleaning and surface activation processes.Graphite is especially useful where the introduction of metal ions from a dissolving metal anode should be avoided.Graphite Anode for ElectroplatingThe graphite plate electrode can be used as an anode or counter electrode with suitable electrolytes.Typical applications include:Gold platingSilver platingChrome platingCopper platingWhite bronze platingRose gold platingGreen gold platingBlack chrome platingBlack ruthenium platingBlack rhodium platingSurface activationElectrolytic cleaningDegreasingElectrolysisThe actual suitability of graphite as an anode always depends on the electrolyte being used. Please follow the manufacturer's specifications regarding the recommended electrode material.Advantages of the 100 x 150 mm Graphite Plate ElectrodeLarge active surface of 100 x 150 mmHigh-density fine-grain graphiteIsostatically pressedExcellent electrical conductivityHigh chemical resistance4 mm plate thicknessSuitable for numerous electroplating applicationsIdeal for bath electroplatingSuitable for electrolysis and electrolytic cleaningCan be used as an anode, counter electrode or shielding surfaceProfessional electroplating accessory from Betzmann GalvanikWhy Use Graphite Instead of a Metal Anode?With many electroplating processes, metallic anodes can dissolve during operation. This introduces metal ions into the electrolyte and, depending on the process, can influence the bath composition and plating results.A graphite electrode offers an important advantage here: graphite provides a conductive electrode surface without introducing the corresponding metal ions into the electrolyte through normal anodic dissolution.This makes graphite particularly useful for applications where electrolyte purity and reproducible plating results are important.Large 100 x 150 mm Graphite Plate for Bath ElectroplatingThe 100 x 150 mm dimensions provide a significantly larger electrode surface compared with compact graphite electrodes.This makes the electrode particularly suitable for:Larger workpiecesLarger plating tanksBath electroplating systemsMultiple smaller workpiecesProfessional workshop applicationsLaboratory and test systemsThe required electrode surface should always be matched to the workpiece size, current, current density and electrolyte being used.Technical SpecificationsPropertySpecificationProductGraphite Plate ElectrodeArticle NumberSW10029MaterialHigh-density fine-grain graphiteManufacturingIsostatically pressedDimensions100 x 150 mmPlate Thickness4 mmFunctionElectrode / Anode / Counter ElectrodeApplicationBath Electroplating / ElectrolysisSuitable forElectroplating, Cleaning, ActivationSupplierBetzmann GalvanikApplication in Bath ElectroplatingWhen used as an anode, connect the graphite plate to the positive pole (+) of the DC power supply. The workpiece being plated is connected to the negative pole (−) and functions as the cathode.For optimum electroplating results, pay particular attention to:Thorough cleaning and degreasing of the workpieceCorrect surface activationSuitable electrolyteCorrect current densityAppropriate distance between anode and workpieceSufficient electrolyte movementEven current distributionThe exact operating parameters such as current, current density, voltage and temperature depend on the electrolyte being used.Graphite Electrode for Electrolysis and CleaningIn addition to electroplating, the graphite plate is also suitable for electrolytic cleaning and activation processes.The large 100 x 150 mm surface makes it particularly practical for larger workpieces and plating tanks.The graphite plate can also be used as a working electrode, counter electrode or shielding surface in suitable applications.Different Graphite Electrode Sizes AvailableBetzmann Galvanik graphite plate electrodes are available in different dimensions:50 x 80 mm – compact version100 x 150 mm – medium/large version170 x 200 mm – large versionThis allows you to select the electrode surface according to your electroplating system and workpiece size.Important Application InformationGraphite is electrically conductive and highly chemically resistant, but it is also a relatively brittle material. The electrode should therefore not be bent or subjected to unnecessary mechanical stress.Depending on the electrolyte and process, the graphite electrode may gradually wear during operation. This is normal wear and depends on the individual operating conditions.Only use the graphite electrode with electrolytes for which graphite is specified as a suitable anode or electrode material.Betzmann Galvanik – Professional Electroplating AccessoriesBetzmann Galvanik supplies high-quality products for professional surface finishing, including electroplating power supplies, electrolytes, electrodes, anodes, cables and other electroplating accessories.Our products are suitable for:Pen platingTampon platingBath electroplatingRepair platingJewellery platingTechnical coatingsIndustrial applicationsWorkshop and laboratory applicationsThe Graphite Plate Electrode 100 x 150 mm is an excellent choice when you need a large-surface, robust and versatile graphite electrode for bath electroplating.Your Advantages at a Glance✔ Large 100 x 150 mm active surface✔ 4 mm thick graphite plate✔ High-density fine-grain graphite✔ Isostatically pressed✔ Excellent electrical conductivity✔ High chemical resistance✔ Suitable for bath electroplating and electrolysis✔ Suitable for numerous electroplating applications✔ Also suitable for cleaning and activation✔ Professional quality from Betzmann GalvanikBetzmann Galvanik – professional electrodes, electrolytes, equipment and accessories for high-quality electroplating and surface finishing.